توضیحات
Metal nanoparticles cannot be removed by the body since they are non-biodegradable particles. Inappropriate SPION disposal can represent a serious risk to the soil ecology. Under controlled circumstances, they assessed the effects of SPIONs on earthworms and pinpointed their effects in the stomach. It was also noted that SPIONs accumulated in the epithelium. Likewise, a rat in-vivo experiment showed that iron oxide nanoparticles accumulated in the kidneys. As a result, the metal nanoparticles are poisonous and unsuitable for use in vivo. The less harmful of the several metal nanoparticles is discovered to be SPIONs, However, additional live systems need to be used for testing. Additionally, the biopolymers that house these SPIONs must be non-toxic and biocompatible. Before putting these particles to the test in animals, researchers carry out some in vitro toxicity experiments. Although SPIONs have numerous applications in a variety of fields, there are certain restrictions on their use, which are as follows: Even while functionalization might make SPIONs more stable, it is not for prolonged storage since it interferes with their ability to maintain their nanostructure and aggregate. Using SPIONs smaller than 2 nm can allow them to pass the cell membrane, aggregate inside the cell, and harm the organelles of the cell, In biological systems, certain precautions must be taken when producing and utilizing it. According to studies, macrophages absorb SPIONs into the body. One or more of the following methods, at the very least, can be used to collect nanoparticles inside of cells: a) simple diffusion; b) receptor-facilitated endocytosis. The lysosomal enzyme transforms the SPIONs into Fe2 after they have entered the cell, which causes the creation of reactive oxygen species, which results in cellular irregularity and the induction of inflammation. SPIONs coated with citrate were shown by Stroh et al. to be involved in protein degradation and oxidative stress, which was accomplished by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ferritin is shown to be a crucial component for the production of ROS, which can occasionally cause neurodegeneration in living cells. Van Den Bos et al. found lipid peroxidation by SPIONs coated with dextran that is dose-dependent. In vivo, experiments using magnetite nanoparticles coated with poly aspartic acid revealed enhanced micronucleus. More reports concerning its toxicity in earthworms are also available. where the stomach, skin, and other tissues degenerated as a result. The Vigna radiata has an accumulation of these nanoparticles, according to Samrot et al. Although additional studies are being reported to reduce toxicity, In addition to calling for safe SPION disposal, further effort has to be done to lessen the toxicity of SPIONs. The figure below presents the topics covered in this chapter hierarchically.
Cytotoxicity/Toxicity
The less harmful of the several metal nanoparticles is discovered to be SPIONs, However, additional live systems need to be used for testing. Additionally, the biopolymers that house these SPIONs must be non-toxic and biocompatible. Before putting these particles to the test in animals, researchers carry out some in vitro toxicity experiments. Although SPIONs have numerous applications in a variety of fields, there are certain restrictions on their use, which are as follows…
URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-6507-6_11
نویسنده: Mohammad-Nabil Savari
5
